Wood fire has been a fundamental part of human life and civilization since prehistoric times, providing means of heating, cooking, and lighting. Today, through technological and economic advances, its role is less crucial as centralised networks of gas, electricity and district heating entered the homes of many. While more privileged households are already moving on to more advanced technologies – such as solar-powered heat pumps and smart appliances enhanced by artificial intelligence –, around half of the people across the world are still using wood and other solid fuels to keep warm and to cook food. Therefore, to this day, solid biomass – mainly firewood – is one of the most important household energy sources globally. It is the “fuel of the poor” as mainly low-income households rely on it, especially in the Global South and in Central-Eastern Europe (CEE).
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